The human kidneys are paired organs, which are positioned just in front of the 11th and 12th ribs. The kidneys are responsible for filtering water and other substances from the blood. The combination of these filtered substances and water is known as urine. Several of the substances commonly found in urine have the ability to crystallize. These crystals can then bind together to form a kidney stone.
The most common symptom from a kidney stone is the acute onset of severe flank pain due to the stone moving into a position in the kidney or ureter, which causes a blockage or obstruction of the flow of urine. Kidney stone pain is often associated with low back pain and abdominal pain. Kidney stones, especially those in the left kidney, can also cause significant amounts of nausea and even vomiting. As the stone moves further down the ureter toward the bladder, the pain often radiates in the groin and genital areas. In men, the pain may radiate to the scrotum. In women, the pain may radiate to the labia or even the vagina.
Kidney stones are a relatively common problem. Approximately 350-thousand Americans have new stones each year. Approximately 15% of Americans will develop stones at some point during their lifetime.
There are certain conditions in the urine including those caused by not drinking enough water, that make crystals which can tribute to stone formation. Some patients form stone because of anatomical malformations of the urinary tract, while other patient may have a genetic predisposition, environmental or nutritional risk factors.
Kidney stones can come in many different colors, shapes, textures, and sizes. The color depends on the composition of the stone. Most stones are yellow or brown, however, they can also appear tan, gold or black. The shape of the stone may be round, jagged or branch-like. The stone may be rough or smooth in texture.